There is a way with the Rotate Tool (R)
- Select your triangle
- Click the Rotate tool
- Pressing
alt-key click where you want your center to be.
- A dialog should popup prompting for an angle. You can go on an fill it out.
When ready press the "Copy" Button and then Ctrl - D for transform againas many times as you want copies.
Edit:
After understanding that the object should be BOTH rotated and moved- or scaled- each.
What about adding "hidden" (no line no fill) artwork to transform the bounding box so the center is where you want it to? You could then transform each this group any way you like.
If you don't like the hidden artwork you could make your object with the hidden objects a symbol. Then you could transform/rotate/scale it and in the end edit the symbol. This way all instances get updated accordingly. This might, however change the position of each of these instances.