This is only a conceptual exploration of your question
"Editor" is a very loose word.
It can be "the person in charge of editing"
And this can be the person editing a "full publication" or someone manipulating one element of a publication.
A publication could be in an electronic medium, a multimedia element, a printed one.
Or it can be the tool to edit.
Yes there are "different" concepts... are they?
Probably not. The concept is loose but is more or less the same.
In the specific case of your question what changes is the scope or the stage of the "editing".
One is a Raw processor
The initial function is to process a raw file into a raster image.
A raw file is not necessarily a raster image. Both are a dataset, a matrix of information, but one is how a sensor captures it and the other is a set of instructions on what to show to a screen.
You NEED to take some decisions on this transformation because you are translating a "bigger scope" of data into a smaller one.
For example. You can take a photo in some lighting conditions, a warm light. But you want to turn on auto white balance to get rid of that orange look.
The RAW image will capture the image as the camera sees it, and a RAW processor will make the transformation adjusting that white balance.
The other one is a photo editing program
This does not mean the previous is not editing, but it is more about "selective data visualization"
The editor's main purpose is the manipulation of elements. Dodge and burn are about putting shadows where there was not that shadow data. Cutting an element to paste it on another place. Painting things where there were not.
This one uses layers. The former does not.
There are some other categories
Painting programs
With tools meant to actually paint like on a canvas. Some even react thru time like watercolor simulators.
They could focus on having a lot of brushes.
Pixel editors
Meant to do pixel art, a zoomed-in version of assets meant for videogames, fixed color palletes, etc. Their focus will be on avoiding antialiasing between pixels to have a pixel-perfect image.
Texture editors
Normally node based software uses procedural elements meant to generate raster textures.
Apply filters
There are some that promote the ability to add filters, like a sepia look, scratches, vintage looks, etc.
Image viewers
Normally used simply to view images, but sometimes they have some quick tools, like file conversion, brightness and contrast, etc.
But the terminology is common among them. Things like contrast, curves, and saturation, can be adjusted in almost all of them.