You're talking about Image Trace in Adobe Illustrator.
#You're talking about Image Trace in Adobe Illustrator. https://helpx.adobe.com/illustrator/using/tracing-artwork-live-trace-or.html
So I was wondering whether there was a software that could break down images into separate colour layers, for example, an image of a fox being broken down into separate maps of orange, dark orange, darker orange and white. Once the image had been broken into these layers, could you then scale them in unison so that the image doesn't blur?
##You are describing Image Trace
You are describing Image Trace
It's not perfect. Image Trace is not going to add data back into the image that was not there. However, if you have a high enough quality image that is not overly complicated than Image Trace will break down your image to basic shapes and colors which will then allow you to resize the image without it becoming blurry.
Image Trace will not work as well with real photographs. No software exists that will do that. You have to do everything manually if you want to clean up a bad image.