I found something that may lead to your solution. If you look at "Text warping with envelope distortion," I've discovered that it accomplishes much of your requirements.
The example provided describes creating the text and converting it to outlines. A rectangle is then created around the text, followed by both objects being selected.
Object, Envelope Distort, Make with top object.
The linked example distorts the rectangle in various ways, none of which involve a circle.
I created a circle to use as a guide, but is not integral to the distortion, added a few anchor points to the rectangle and warped the rectangle to approximate the top half of the circle.
The result is thus:

The stair stepping feature is pretty slick, something I learned new today, but doesn't address the varying change of letter height. I would not suggest that my example is a perfect example, but it provides a method of some value. I should have used all caps to allow for a uniform top line as you've described in your comment.
I added only one anchor point on the bottom of the rectangle. I would expect far less distortion with additional anchor points to better adjust the text.