As far as I can tell, in the Dark theme, the histogram in Curves uses the color noted Clr9
in the theme's gtkrc
file (#454545), which is painted with partial opacity over the background that uses ClrA
(#303030), so there isn't much difference:

So to increase the contrast you have to increase the difference between these two, with the constraints that they are used for other things. For instance setting Clr9
to #606060
:

(as you can see this also changes the general dialog background)
To do this the simplest way is to:
Locate the standard Dark theme and the location of your own private themes: Edit ➤ Preferences ➤ Folders ➤ Themes
lists two folders:
- one where you installed Gimp (in
/usr/share
on Linux, in C:/Program Files
on Windows) for the standard themes
- one in your own user directory (
~/.config/GIMP/2.10
on Linux, C:/Users/{yourid}/AppData/Roaming/Gimp
in Windows (from memory)) for your private themes.
Copy the whole "Dark" theme directory to your private themes (change the name)
Edit the gtkrc
file with a text editor and change color["clr9"] = "#454545"
(around line 79) to color["clr9"] = "#606060"
Restart Gimp
Change the theme to your personal theme
If necessary you can change the value in the gtkrc
file and update the Gimp UI instantly by clicking the Reload current theme
button in the theme selection preferences page.
If you use other themes the procedure is about the same, but unfortunately the color names aren't the same in other themes. IMHO the best way to find the relevant color definition is to alter all of them to give them some color bias so that you can more easily figure out which color is used where.